Transmission electron microscope includes (a) Electron gun (c) Electromagentic lenses (b) Vacuum system (d) All of these  Fritz Zernicke was awarded Nobel prize for making (a) Phase-contrast microscope (c) Bright-field microscope (b) Dark-field microscope (d) Fluorescent microscope Presence of capsule around the bacterial cells is generally viewed by (a) Negative stain (c) Ziehl–Neelsen stain (b) Gram stain (d) Schaeffer–Fulton stain

Vaccines are available for (a) Hepatitis A (c) Both of these (b) Hepatitis B (d) None of these Edward Jenner is associated with the following viral disease (a) Smallpox (c) Rabies (b) Polio (d) Chickenpox Vertical transmission of animal viruses takes place from (a) Respiratory route (c) Oral–faecal route (b) Sexual route (d) Mother to baby

Microbes which love to grow at low temperature are (a) Mesophiles (c) Psychrophiles (b) Thermophiles (d) Neutrophiles Microaerophiles which need more carbon dioxide rather than less oxygen are called (a) Barophiles (c) Halophiles (b) Capnophiles (d) Osmophiles Peptones are enzymatic digest of (a) Meat (c) Casein (b) Soyameal (d) All the above

Why is the TCA cycle called an amphibolic cycle? Explain the principle of energy conservation. Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by (a) Mutation (c) Insertion of transposons (b) Acquiring plasmids (d) All of the above Which of the following is a method of vertical gene transfer in prokaryotes? (a) Binary fission (c) Transduction (b) Conjugation (d) Transformation